The first member of the A320 family, the A320, was launched in March 1984, first flew on 22 February 1987, and was first delivered in 1988. Anggota pertama dari keluarga A320, A320, diluncurkan pada Maret 1984, pertama kali terbang pada 22 Februari 1987, dan pertama kali pada 1988. The family was soon extended to include the A321 (first delivered 1994), the A319 (1996), and the A318 (2003). Keluarga segera diperluas untuk mencakup A321 (pertama disampaikan 1994), yang A319 (1996), dan A318 (2003). The A320 family pioneered the use of digital fly-by-wire flight control systems in a commercial aircraft. Keluarga A320 merintis penggunaan digital fly-by-kawat sistem kontrol penerbangan dalam pesawat komersial. Although there were a continously improvement process since introduction, currently the A320 Enhanced program includes greater improvements. Meskipun ada proses perbaikan yang terus-menerus sejak pengenalan, saat ini Enhanced A320 program mencakup perbaikan yang lebih besar.
With over 4,000 built and an additional 2,400 on order as of November 2009, the Airbus A320 family is Airbus's best-selling aircraft to date. Dengan lebih dari 4.000 dibangun dan tambahan dalam pesanan 2.400 per November 2009, keluarga Airbus A320 Airbus terlaris pesawat-to-date. It is also the currently best-selling jet airliner family. Itu juga merupakan terlaris saat ini pesawat jet keluarga.
Pengembangan
Latar
A narrowbody Airbus of a comparable size to the succesful Boeing 727 could offer advanced technology, improved operating economics and various passenger capacities. Sebuah narrowbody Airbus dari ukuran yang sebanding keberhasilan Boeing 727 bisa menawarkan teknologi canggih, meningkatkan ekonomi operasi dan berbagai kapasitas penumpang. The digital technology in the A320 would herald a two-generation technological leap over the all-analogue Boeing 727 and be a generation ahead of the Boeing 737-300/-400/-500 series. Teknologi digital di A320 akan pemberita dua teknologi generasi melompati semua-analog Boeing 727 dan menjadi generasi depan 737-300/-400/-500 Boeing seri. The A320 was targeted at the global fleet replacement requirements for the 727 and early variants of the 737. A320 menjadi sasaran pada penggantian armada global persyaratan untuk varian 727 dan awal dari 737.
The A320 was an evolution from the JET (Joint European Transport) study commenced in June 1977 [ 3 ] and based at the then BAe (formerly Hawker Siddeley) site in Weybridge, Surrey, UK: this was to be the last occasion that a British-based organisation investigated a new large airliner. A320 adalah suatu evolusi dari JET (Joint European Transportasi) studi dimulai bulan Juni 1977 [3] dan berbasis di kemudian BAe (dulu Hawker Siddeley) situs dalam Weybridge, Surrey, UK: ini akan menjadi kesempatan terakhir yang Inggris organisasi berbasis diselidiki pesawat besar baru. The Hawker Siddeley team had previously produced a design called the HS.134 "Airbus" in 1965, an evolution of the HS.121 (formerly DH.121) Trident [ 4 ] , which shared much of the general arrangement of the later JET3 study design. Tim yang Hawker Siddeley sebelumnya menghasilkan desain yang disebut HS.134 "Airbus" pada tahun 1965, sebuah evolusi dari HS.121 (sebelumnya DH.121) Trident [4], yang bersama banyak dari pengaturan umum yang kemudian studi JET3 desain. The name "Airbus" at the time referred to a BEA requirement, rather than to the later international programme. Nama "Airbus" pada saat dirujuk ke BEA persyaratan, daripada ke program internasional nanti.
Alongside BAe (who at the time were not part of Airbus) were MBB, Fokker-VFW and Aerospatiale. Samping BAe (yang pada waktu itu bukan bagian dari Airbus) adalah MBB, Fokker-VFW dan Aerospatiale. The design within the JET study that was carried forward was the JET2 (163 passengers), which then became the Airbus S.A1/2/3 series (Single Aisle), before settling on the A320 name for its launch in 1984. Desain JET dalam studi yang dilakukan ke depan adalah JET2 (163 penumpang), yang kemudian menjadi S.A1/2/3 Airbus seri (Single Aisle), sebelum menetapkan nama A320 untuk peluncuran pada tahun 1984.
After the oil price rises of the 1970s, Airbus needed to minimise the trip fuel costs of the A320. Setelah harga minyak naik dari tahun 1970-an, Airbus yang diperlukan untuk meminimalkan biaya bahan bakar perjalanan dari A320. To that end, Airbus incorporated advanced features including fly-by-wire flight control, composite primary structures, centre-of-gravity control using fuel, glass cockpit ( EFIS ) and a two-person flight deck . Untuk itu, Airbus memasukkan fitur-fitur canggih termasuk fly-by-kawat kontrol penerbangan, komposit struktur utama, pusat-of-gravitasi kontrol menggunakan bahan bakar, kaca kokpit (EFIS) dan dua orang dek penerbangan. The end result was that the A320 consumed 50% less fuel than the 727. Hasil akhirnya adalah bahwa A320 mengkonsumsi 50% lebih sedikit bahan bakar daripada 727. According to a study cited by the Stockholm Environmental Institute, the A320 burns 11,608 kilograms of jet fuel flying between Los Angeles and New York City, which is about 77.4 kilograms per passenger in an A320 with 150 seats. [ 5 ] Menurut sebuah studi yang dikutip oleh Institut Lingkungan Stockholm, A320 membakar 11.608 kilogram bahan bakar jet terbang antara Los Angeles dan New York City, yang berjarak sekitar 77,4 kilogram per penumpang dalam sebuah A320 dengan 150 kursi. [5]
Bernard Ziegler was the initiator of the aircraft's then revolutionary fly-by-wire flight controls with sidestick cockpit controller and full glass cockpit. Bernard Ziegler adalah penggagas kemudian pesawat terbang revolusioner-dengan-kawat kontrol penerbangan dengan kokpit sidestick controller dan gelas penuh kokpit. He successfully convinced aviation authorities of the concept's validity. Ia berhasil meyakinkan otoritas penerbangan dari konsep's validitas.
Produksi
Airbus requires about eight months to build an A320 jetliner. [ 6 ] Components from various Airbus plants are transported to the final assembly plant at Hamburg Finkenwerder for the A318/A319/A320/A321 [ 7 ] and to Toulouse Blagnac for the A320. Airbus membutuhkan sekitar delapan bulan untuk membangun sebuah pesawat jet A320. [6] Komponen dari berbagai tanaman Airbus diangkut ke pabrik perakitan terakhir di Hamburg Finkenwerder untuk A318/A319/A320/A321 [7] dan Toulouse Blagnac untuk A320. Nearly all assemblies are moved using Airbus' A300-600ST 'Beluga' outsized transporters. Hampir semua majelis dipindahkan menggunakan Airbus A300-600ST 'Beluga' outsized transporter.
The Airbus A320s sold to China to be delivered between 2009 and 2012 will be assembled in the People's Republic of China in Tianjin . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Airbus intends to relocate Toulouse A320 final assembly activity to Hamburg for the next generation of short range as part of its Power 8 organization plan begun under ex-CEO Christian Streiff . [ 10 ] Airbus A320 dijual ke Cina untuk dikirim antara 2009 dan 2012 akan dapat berkumpul di People's Republic of China di Tianjin. [8] [9] Airbus berniat untuk merelokasi Toulouse A320 aktivitas perakitan akhir ke Hamburg untuk generasi berikutnya dari jarak dekat sebagai bagian dari rencana organisasi 8 Power dimulai di bawah CEO mantan Streiff Kristen. [10]
The A320 family production rate in 2008 was slightly more than 32 aircraft per month. Keluarga A320 tingkat produksi pada tahun 2008 sedikit lebih dari 32 pesawat per bulan. Current EADS ceo Louis Gallois stated in May 2007 that Airbus would be producing 40 narrowbodies per month by the end of 2009, including proposed Tianjin, China-assembled aircraft. EADS saat ini ceo Louis Gallois Mei 2007 dinyatakan bahwa Airbus akan memproduksi 40 narrowbodies per bulan pada akhir tahun 2009, termasuk diusulkan Tianjin, Cina-berkumpul pesawat. However, 2008 marked the high point to date in Airbus narrowbody manufacture (32 aircraft/month), a rate which the EADS division hopes to maintain in 2009 and which is higher than what Airbus forecast less than two years earlier. Namun, 2008 menandai titik tinggi-to-date dalam pembuatan narrowbody Airbus (32 pesawat / bulan), dengan laju yang divisi EADS berharap untuk mempertahankan pada tahun 2009 dan yang lebih tinggi dari perkiraan Airbus yang kurang dari dua tahun sebelumnya.
Desain
The Airbus A320 family are low-wing cantilever monoplanes with a conventional tail unit with a single fin and rudder. Airbus A320-keluarga yang rendah penopang sayap monoplanes dengan ekor konvensional unit dengan satu sirip dan kemudi. They have a retractable tricycle landing gear and are powered by two wing mounted turbofan engines. Mereka memiliki retractable landing gear roda tiga dan yang didukung oleh dua sayap dipasang mesin turbofan.
Compared to other airliners of the same class, the A320 features a wider single-aisle cabin of 155.5 inches (3.95 m) outside diameter, compared to 148 inches (3.8 m) in the Boeing 737 and 131.6 inches (3.34 m) in the Boeing 717 , and larger overhead bins, along with fly-by-wire technology. Dibandingkan dengan pesawat lain dari kelas yang sama, yang A320 satu fitur yang lebih luas-lorong kabin 155,5 inci (3,95 m) di luar diameter, dibandingkan dengan 148 inci (3,8 m) di Boeing 737 dan 131,6 inci (3,34 m) di Boeing 717, dan overhead yang lebih besar sampah, bersama dengan terbang-dengan-kawat teknologi. In addition, the aircraft has a spacious cargo hold equipped with large doors to assist in expedient loading and unloading of goods. Selain itu, pesawat memiliki kargo yang luas dilengkapi dengan pintu-pintu besar untuk membantu bijaksana bongkar muat barang.
The A320 features an ECAM (Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitor) which gives the flight crew information about all the systems of the aircraft. Fitur A320 yang ECAM (Electronic terpusat Aircraft Monitor) yang memberikan informasi awak pesawat tentang semua sistem pesawat. With the exception of the very earliest A320s, most can be upgraded to the latest avionics standards, keeping the aircraft advanced even after two decades in service. Dengan pengecualian pada saat awal A320, sebagian besar dapat ditingkatkan ke standar avionik terbaru, menjaga pesawat canggih bahkan setelah dua dekade dalam jangkauan layanan.
The flight deck is equipped with EFIS with side stick controllers. The penerbangan dek dilengkapi dengan EFIS dengan tongkat sisi kontroler. At the time of the aircraft's introduction, the behavior of the fly-by-wire system (equipped with full flight envelope protection ) was a new experience for many pilots. Pada saat pesawat pengantar, perilaku lalat-dengan-sistem kawat (dilengkapi dengan amplop penerbangan perlindungan) adalah pengalaman baru bagi banyak pilot.
Three suppliers provide turbofan engines for the A320 series: CFM International with their CFM56 , International Aero Engines , offering the V2500 and Pratt & Whitney whose PW6000 engines are only available for the A318 variant. Tiga pemasok memberikan turbofan mesin untuk A320 seri: CFM International dengan CFM56, International Aero Engines, menawarkan V2500 dan Pratt & Whitney yang PW6000 mesin hanya tersedia untuk varian A318.
Teknologi
Technology used in the A320 includes: Teknologi yang digunakan dalam A320 meliputi:
- The first fully digital fly-by-wire flight control system in a civil airliner, see A320 flight control . Full digital pertama terbang-dengan-kabel sistem kontrol penerbangan dalam pesawat sipil, lihat A320 kontrol penerbangan.
- Fully glass cockpit rather than the hybrid versions found in aircraft such as the A310 , Boeing 757 and Boeing 767 . Sepenuhnya kaca kokpit daripada versi hibrida yang ditemukan di dalam pesawat seperti A310, Boeing 757 dan Boeing 767.
- The first narrow body airliner with a significant amount of the structure made from composites . Badan sempit pertama pesawat dengan jumlah yang signifikan dari struktur yang dibuat dari komposit.
- The ECAM (Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring) concept, which is included in all Airbus aircraft produced after the A320. The ECAM (Electronic Sentralisasi Pesawat Monitoring) konsep, yang sudah termasuk dalam semua pesawat Airbus A320 yang diproduksi setelah. This system constantly displays information concerning the aircraft's engines, as well as other key systems such as flight controls, pneumatics and hydraulics, to the pilots on the two LCD displays in the centre of the flightdeck. Sistem ini terus menampilkan informasi tentang mesin pesawat, serta sistem penting lainnya seperti penerbangan kontrol, pneumatik dan hidrolika, untuk para pilot pada dua layar LCD di tengah flightdeck. ECAM also provides automatic warning of system failures and displays an electronic checklist to assist in handling the failure. ECAM juga menyediakan sistem peringatan otomatis kegagalan dan menampilkan daftar elektronik untuk membantu dalam menangani kegagalan.
- Newer [ when? ] Airbus used LCD (liquid crystal display) units in the flight deck of its A318, A319, A320, and A321 flight decks instead of the original CRT ( cathode ray tube ) displays. Newer [kapan?] Airbus digunakan LCD (liquid crystal display) unit di dek penerbangan dari A318, A319, A320, dan A321 flight deck bukan asli CRT (tabung sinar katoda) menampilkan. These include the main displays and the backup artificial horizon , which was an analogue display prior to this. Ini termasuk menampilkan utama dan cadangan buatan cakrawala, yang merupakan tampilan analog sebelum ini. LCDs weigh less and produce less heat than CRT displays; this change saves around 50 kilograms on the plane's total weight. LCD berat badan kurang dan menghasilkan panas lebih sedikit dibandingkan CRT display; perubahan ini akan menghemat sekitar 50 kilogram pada pesawat total berat.
- Early A320 planes used the Intel 80186 and Motorola 68010 , [ 11 ] in 1988 Intel 80286 family CPUs. Awal pesawat A320 menggunakan Intel 80186 dan Nokia 68.010, [11] pada tahun 1988 Intel 80286 CPU keluarga. The flight management computer contained six CPUs, running in three logical pairs, with 2.5MBytes of memory. [ 12 ] Komputer manajemen penerbangan berisi enam CPU, berjalan di tiga pasang logis, dengan 2.5MBytes memori. [12]
- Digital Head-up displays are available. [ 13 ] Digital Head-up display yang tersedia. [13]
The A320 family is improved continously, [ 14 ] in the A320 Enhanced program and the NSR , for "New Short-Range aircraft" as a far future replacement. Keluarga A320 ditingkatkan terus menerus, [14] dalam Ditingkatkan A320 program dan NSR, untuk "New Short-Range pesawat" sebagai pengganti masa depan yang jauh.
Operasional layanan
The Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA)) issued the type certificate for the A320 on 26 February 1988. The Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA)) mengeluarkan sertifikat tipe untuk A320 pada 26 Februari 1988. After entering the market in March 1988 with Air France , Airbus expanded the A320 family rapidly, launching the 185-seat A321 in 1989 (first delivered in 1994), the 124-seat A319 in 1993 (first delivered in 1996), and the 107-seat A318 in 1999 (first delivered in 2003) [ 15 ] . Setelah memasuki pada bulan Maret 1988 dengan Air France, Airbus A320 memperluas keluarga dengan cepat, meluncurkan 185-kursi A321 pada tahun 1989 (pertama disampaikan pada 1994), 124-kursi A319 pada tahun 1993 (pertama dikirim pada 1996), dan 107 kursi A318 pada tahun 1999 (pertama dikirim pada tahun 2003) [15].
Kompetisi
The A320 family was developed to compete against the Boeing 737 Classics (-300/-400/-500) and the McDonnell Douglas MD-80/90 series, and has since faced challenges from the Boeing 737 Next-Generation (-600/-700/-800/-900) and the Boeing 717 during its two decades in service. Keluarga A320 dikembangkan untuk bersaing dengan Boeing 737 Classics (-300/-400/-500) dan seri MD-80/90 McDonnell Douglas, dan sejak itu menghadapi tantangan dari Boeing 737 Next-Generation (-600 / -- 700/-800/-900) dan Boeing 717 selama dua dekade dalam jangkauan layanan. As of September 2008, the competitors to the A320 family are the Boeing 737 Next Generation , Bombardier 's Cseries jet [ 16 ] to the A318/A319 and Embraer 's E-195 jet to the A318 Sebagai September 2008, para pesaing dengan keluarga A320 adalah Boeing 737 Next Generation, Bombardier 's Cseries jet [16] ke A318/A319 dan Embraer' s E-195 jet ke A318
Airbus has shipped 3,723 A318/A319/A320/A321s since its certification/first delivery in early 1988, with another 2,598 on firm order (31 December 2008). [ 17 ] Boeing has shipped 6,000 737s since late 1967, with 4,404 of those deliveries since 1988, and has a further 2,270 on firm order (31 December 2008). [ 18 ] Based on figures since 1988 when they first entered direct competition, Airbus delivered on average 177 A320 series aircraft per annum, while on average 209 Boeing 737s were delivered. Airbus telah dikirimkan 3.723 A318/A319/A320/A321s sejak sertifikasi / pengiriman pertama pada awal 1988, dengan perusahaan lain di urutan 2.598 (31 Desember 2008). [17] Boeing telah dikirimkan 6.000 737 sejak akhir 1967, dengan pengiriman 4.404 orang sejak 1988, dan memiliki 2.270 lebih lanjut pada pesanan (31 Desember 2008). [18] Berdasarkan pada angka-angka sejak tahun 1988 ketika mereka pertama kali masuk kompetisi langsung, rata-rata disampaikan Airbus A320 seri 177 pesawat per tahun, sedangkan rata-rata 209 Boeing 737 adalah disampaikan.
Varian
The A320 has given rise to a family of aircraft which share a common design but are slightly smaller (the A319), significantly smaller (the A318), or slightly larger (the A321). A320 telah melahirkan sebuah keluarga pesawat yang berbagi desain umum namun sedikit lebih kecil (di A319), secara signifikan lebih kecil (di A318), atau sedikit lebih besar (di A321). Passenger capacity ranges from 100 to 220. Kapasitas penumpang berkisar 100-220. They compete with the Boeing 737 , 757-200 , and 717 . Mereka bersaing dengan Boeing 737, 757-200, dan 717. All have the same pilot type rating. Semua pilot memiliki tipe yang sama rating. Today all variants are available as corporate jet. Hari ini semua varian yang tersedia sebagai perusahaan pesawat jet. US Airways is the largest airline operator of A320 family of aircraft in North America with 214 as of the end of 2009 [ 19 ] [ 20 ] . US Airways merupakan maskapai penerbangan terbesar operator pesawat A320 keluarga di Amerika Utara dengan 214 per akhir 2009 [19] [20].
Technically, the name "A320" only refers to the original mid-sized aircraft, but it is often informally used to indicate any of the A318/A319/A320/A321 family. Secara teknis, nama "A320" hanya mengacu pada asli pesawat ukuran menengah, tetapi sering informal digunakan untuk menunjukkan salah satu dari keluarga A318/A319/A320/A321. All variants are able to be ETOPS (Extended-range Twin-engine Operational Performance Standards) certified. Semua varian yang dapat ETOPS (Extended-range Twin-engine Standar Kinerja Operasional) bersertifikat.
A320
The A320 series has two variants, the A320-100 and A320-200 . Seri A320 memiliki dua varian, A320-100 dan A320-200. Only 21 A320-100s were ever produced; these aircraft, the first to be manufactured, were delivered only to Air Inter (an airline later acquired by Air France ) and British Airways (as a result of an order from British Caledonian Airways made prior to its acquisition by British Airways). Hanya 21 A320-100 yang pernah dihasilkan; pesawat ini, yang pertama diproduksi, itu dikirim hanya untuk Air Inter (sebuah maskapai penerbangan yang kemudian diakuisisi oleh Air France) dan British Airways (sebagai hasil dari perintah dari British Caledonian Airways dibuat sebelum akuisisi oleh British Airways). The A320-200 features wingtip fences and increased fuel capacity over the A320-100 for increased range; other than that differences are minimal. A320-200 fitur ujung sayap pagar dan peningkatan kapasitas bahan bakar di atas A320-100 untuk meningkatkan rentang selain bahwa perbedaan minimal. The last five A320-100 aircraft, operated by British Airways, were disposed of at the end of 2007. Terakhir lima A320-100 pesawat, yang dioperasikan oleh British Airways, yang dibuang pada akhir 2007. Typical range with 150 passengers for the A320-200 is about 2,900 nautical miles (5,400 km). Kisaran khas dengan 150 penumpang untuk A320-200 adalah sekitar 2.900 mil laut (5.400 km). It is powered by two CFMI CFM56-5 or IAE V2500 with thrust ratings between 25,500 to 27,000 pounds force (113 kN to 120 kN). Hal ini didukung oleh dua CFMI CFM56-5 atau IAE V2500 dengan peringkat dorong antara £ 27.000 untuk 25.500 gaya (113 kN sampai 120 kN). The direct Boeing competitor is the 737-800 . Langsung adalah pesaing Boeing 737-800.
A319
The A319 is a shortened, minimum change version of the A320. The A319 adalah singkat, perubahan minimal versi A320. With virtually the same fuel capacity as the A320-200, and fewer passengers, the range with 124 passengers in a two-class configuration extends to 3,600 nautical miles (6,900 km), the highest in its class. Dengan bahan bakar hampir sama kapasitasnya sebagai A320-200, dan lebih sedikit penumpang, rentang dengan 124 penumpang dalam konfigurasi dua-kelas meluas hingga 3.600 mil laut (6.900 km), yang tertinggi di kelasnya. A319s are among the most popular variants of the A320 family. A319 adalah salah satu varian yang paling populer dari keluarga A320. In 2003 easyJet took delivery of A319s with smaller galleys (as EasyJet does not serve meals on some of its shorter flights) and 156 seats in a single class configuration. Pada tahun 2003 easyJet mengambil pengiriman A319 dengan perahu kecil (seperti EasyJet tidak melayani makan pada beberapa penerbangan yang lebih pendek) dan 156 kursi di kelas satu konfigurasi. To satisfy evacuation regulations, additional over-wing exits were included. Untuk memenuhi peraturan evakuasi, tambahan atas sayap keluar itu dimasukkan.
According to The New York Times [ 21 ] the A319 was introduced at the request of Steven Udvar-Hazy . Menurut The New York Times [21] yang A319 diperkenalkan pada permintaan Steven Udvar-kabur.
With jet fuel prices rising dramatically, Northwest Airlines is replacing the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 aircraft it has had in service for decades with the A319, because it is 27% more fuel efficient than the DC-9. [ 22 ] Dengan harga bahan bakar jet naik secara dramatis, Northwest Airlines yang menggantikan McDonnell Douglas DC-9 pesawat itu telah berada dalam jangkauan layanan selama puluhan tahun dengan A319, karena bahan bakar 27% lebih efisien daripada DC-9. [22]
The large easyJet order of 120 A319s plus 120 options was among the biggest aircraft sales deals in recent times, rivaled only by chief competitor Ryanair 's order for Boeing 737 aircraft. EasyJet besar urutan dari 120 A319 ditambah 120 lainnya merupakan salah satu transaksi penjualan pesawat terbesar di masa sekarang, hanya disaingi oleh pesaing utama Ryanair 's agar pesawat Boeing 737.
It is powered by the same types of engine as the A320. JAA certification and service entry, with Swissair , took place in April 1996. Hal ini didukung oleh mesin jenis yang sama seperti A320. JAA sertifikasi dan layanan masuk, dengan Swissair, terjadi pada bulan April 1996.
A319CJ
This is the corporate jet version of the A319. Ini adalah perusahaan versi jet A319. It incorporates removable extra fuel tanks which are installed in the cargo compartment, and an increased service ceiling of 12,000 m giving a range of 6,500 nautical miles (12,000 km). Mencakup tangki bahan bakar ekstra yang dapat dilepas yang dipasang di kompartemen kargo, dan layanan peningkatan plafon 12.000 m memberikan kisaran 6.500 mil laut (12.000 km). Upon resale the aircraft can be reconfigured as a standard A319 by removing its extra tanks, thus maximizing its resale value. Setelah dijual kembali dapat pesawat ulang sebagai standar A319 dengan menghapus tank yang ekstra, sehingga memaksimalkan nilai jual kembali. It is also known as the ACJ, or Airbus Corporate Jet. Hal ini juga dikenal sebagai ACJ, atau Airbus Corporate Jet. Producer is Airbus Executive and Private Aviation , it is a part of Airbus SAS , an EADS company. Produser adalah Eksekutif Airbus dan Swasta Aviation, itu adalah bagian dari Airbus SAS, sebuah EADS perusahaan.
The aircraft seats up to 39 passengers but may be outfitted by the customers into any configuration. Kursi pesawat sampai 39 penumpang namun mungkin dilengkapi oleh pelanggan ke konfigurasi apapun. DC Aviation and Reliance Industries are among its users. DC Penerbangan dan Reliance Industries adalah di antara para penggunanya. The A319CJ competes with other corporate jets such as the Gulfstream V , the Boeing 737-700 based Boeing Business Jet (BBJ), and Bombardier 's Global Express . The A319CJ bersaing dengan perusahaan lain seperti jet Gulfstream V, Boeing 737-700 yang berbasis Boeing Business Jet (BBJ), dan Bombardier 's Global Express. It is powered by the same engine types as the A320. Hal ini didukung oleh jenis mesin yang sama seperti A320.
The A319CJ is used by the Escadron de transport, d'entraînement et de calibrage which is in charge of transportation for France's officials and was also ordered by the Flugbereitschaft of the Luftwaffe for transportation of Germany's officials. Yang A319CJ digunakan oleh Escadron de transportasi, d'entraînement et de calibrage yang bertanggung jawab transportasi bagi para pejabat Perancis dan juga diperintahkan oleh Flugbereitschaft dari Luftwaffe untuk transportasi pejabat di Jerman. Since 2003, an ACJ serves as a presidential aircraft of Brazil , Venezuela , Thailand , Czech Republic , Turkey and Malaysia . Sejak 2003, sebuah ACJ berfungsi sebagai pesawat kepresidenan dari Brasil, Venezuela, Thailand, Republik Ceko, Turki dan Malaysia.
A319LR
The A319LR is a standard A319 that incorporates some features and additional fuel tanks of the A319CJ. The A319LR adalah A319 standar yang menggabungkan beberapa fitur dan tambahan tangki bahan bakar dari A319CJ. Airbus offers it in a standard airline layout, although some customers operate it in an all-business class layout with 48 seats, specifically tailored for exclusive business class services on intercontinental routes. Airbus menawarkan dalam penerbangan standar tata letak, meskipun beberapa pelanggan mengoperasikannya di semua layout kelas bisnis dengan 48 tempat duduk, secara khusus disesuaikan untuk layanan kelas bisnis eksklusif pada rute antarbenua. The A319LR, compared to the A319CJ, has typically four removable auxiliary fuel tanks, but can be expanded to six. The A319LR, dibandingkan dengan A319CJ, telah biasanya empat tangki bahan bakar tambahan dilepas, namun dapat diperluas ke enam. Range of the A319-115LR with four tanks is 5,600 nmi (10,400 km; 6,400 mi). [ 23 ] It is certified for 180 minute ETOPS , [ 24 ] which allows both atlantic and pacific routes. Jangkauan A319-115LR dengan empat tangki adalah 5.600 nm (10.400 km; 6.400 mi). [23] Ini adalah bersertifikat selama 180 menit ETOPS, [24] yang memungkinkan baik pacific atlantic dan rute. Certificated both European JAA and American FAA , the A319LR and ACJ are the only business jets approved for public transport on both sides of the Atlantic. [ 25 ] Certificated baik Eropa JAA dan Amerika FAA, yang A319LR dan ACJ adalah satu-satunya jet bisnis telah disetujui untuk transportasi umum di kedua sisi Atlantik. [25]
The Australian Antarctic Division uses an A319-115LR aircraft with a range of 7,500 mi (12,100 km), operated on their behalf by Skytraders , to provide an intercontinental link from Hobart , in Tasmania , to the Wilkins blue ice runway approximately 70 km from their research station at Casey on the Antarctic continent. Di Divisi Antartika Australia menggunakan pesawat A319-115LR dengan kisaran 7.500 ² (12.100 km), dioperasikan atas nama mereka oleh Skytraders, untuk memberikan link antarbenua dari Hobart, di Tasmania, ke biru es Wilkins landasan pacu sekitar 70 km dari mereka stasiun penelitian di Casey di Antartika benua. Each flight can carry 40 passengers together with 6.5 tonnes of cargo. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Setiap penerbangan dapat membawa 40 penumpang bersama-sama dengan 6,5 ton kargo. [26] [27]
Lufthansa , Swiss International and Air France operate a premium business service between Europe and the USA using a fleet of A319LRs operated by the French Aero Services Executive and the Swiss PrivatAir . Lufthansa, Swiss International dan Air France mengoperasikan layanan bisnis premi antara Eropa dan Amerika Serikat menggunakan armada A319LRs dioperasikan oleh Perancis Aero Services Executive dan Swiss PrivatAir. However, Qatar Airways fit their A319LRs with standard seatings with 110 seats. Namun, Qatar Airways sesuai dengan standar A319LRs mereka seatings dengan 110 kursi. Air France operates the A319LR in a reduced density layout and flies it to the Middle East and central Asia. Air France mengoperasikan A319LR dalam mengurangi kepadatan tata letak dan lalat itu ke Timur Tengah dan Asia Tengah.
A321
The A321 is a stretch of the A320. The A321 adalah bentangan A320. The A321 program was launched in November 1989 and the first development aircraft first flew on 11 March 1993. Program yang A321 diluncurkan pada bulan November 1989 dan pembangunan pertama pesawat terbang pertama pada tanggal 11 Maret 1993. European certification was awarded in December that year. Dianugerahi sertifikasi Eropa pada bulan Desember tahun itu.
Compared with the A320 the A321's major change is the stretched fuselage, with forward and rear fuselage plugs totalling 6.93 m (22 ft 9in) (front plug immediately forward of wing 4.27 m/14 ft, rear plug directly behind the wing 2.67 m/8 ft 9in). Dibandingkan dengan A320 dari A321 perubahan besar adalah pesawat menggeliat, dengan pesawat ke depan dan belakang busi total 6,93 m (22 ft 9in) (plug depan segera maju dari sayap 4,27 m/14 kaki, plug belakang tepat di belakang sayap 2,67 m / 8 ft 9in).
Other changes include strengthening of the undercarriage to cope with the higher weights, more powerful engines, a simplified and refined fuel system and larger tires for better braking. Perubahan lain mencakup penguatan bagian bawah untuk mengatasi dengan bobot yang lebih tinggi, lebih kuat mesin, yang disederhanakan dan disempurnakan sistem bahan bakar dan ban yang lebih besar untuk pengereman yang lebih baik. A slightly modified wing with double slotted flaps and modifications to the flight controls allows the A321's handling characteristics to closely resemble the A320's. Sebuah sedikit diubah sayap dengan flaps ditempatkan ganda dan modifikasi kontrol penerbangan memungkinkan penanganan A321 karakteristik sangat mirip dengan A320's. The A321 features an identical flightdeck to that on the A319 and A320, and shares the same type rating as the smaller two aircraft. A321 fitur yang identik dengan yang flightdeck pada A319 dan A320, dan berbagi jenis yang sama peringkat sebagai dua pesawat yang lebih kecil.
The basic A321-100 features a reduction in range compared to the A320 as extra fuel tankage was not added to the initial design to compensate for the extra weight. Dasar fitur A321-100 pengurangan dalam jangkauan dibandingkan dengan A320 sebagai isi tangki bahan bakar ekstra tidak ditambahkan ke desain awal untuk mengkompensasi berat badan ekstra. To overcome this Airbus launched the longer range, heavier A321-200 development in 1995 which has a full-passenger transcontinental US range. Untuk mengatasi hal ini diluncurkan Airbus rentang yang lebih panjang, lebih berat A321-200 pembangunan pada tahun 1995 yang memiliki penuh penumpang antar benua kisaran US. This is achieved through higher thrust engines (V2533-A5 or CFM56-5B3), minor structural strengthening, and greater fuel capacity with the installation of one, or optionally two 2,900 litre (766US gal/638Imp gal) additional centre fuel tanks. Hal ini dicapai melalui mesin dorong yang lebih tinggi (V2533-A5 atau CFM56-5B3), penguatan struktural kecil, dan lebih besar kapasitas bahan bakar dengan pemasangan satu, atau dua opsional 2.900 liter (766US gal/638Imp gal) tangki bahan bakar tengah tambahan.
The A321-200 first flew from Daimler Benz (later DaimlerChrysler, now Daimler AG) Aerospace's Hamburg facilities in December 1996. The A321-200 terbang pertama dari Daimler Benz (kemudian DaimlerChrysler, sekarang Daimler AG) Aerospace's Hamburg fasilitas pada Desember 1996.
A318
The A318 , also known as the "Mini-Airbus" or "baby bus", is the smallest member of the A320 family, and the smallest Airbus of any kind. The A318, juga dikenal sebagai "Mini-Airbus" atau "bayi bus", adalah anggota terkecil keluarga A320, dan Airbus terkecil apapun. It originated from the AVIC and Airbus Industrie Asia cooperation program AE31X [ 28 ] [ 29 ] . Ini berasal dari AVIC dan Airbus Industrie Asia program kerjasama AE31X [28] [29]. During development, it was known as the "A319M3," thus indicating its history as a direct derivative of the A319. Selama pengembangan, itu dikenal sebagai "A319M3," demikian yang menunjukkan sejarah sebagai turunan langsung dari A319. "M3" indicates "minus three fuselage frames." "M3" menunjukkan "minus tiga pesawat frame." The aircraft is six metres shorter and four tonnes lighter than the A320. Pesawat adalah enam meter lebih pendek dan empat ton lebih ringan daripada A320. To compensate for the reduced moment arm it has a larger vertical stabilizer , making it 80 centimetres taller than the other A320 variants. Untuk mengkompensasi berkurangnya lengan saat ini memiliki lebih besar vertikal stabilizer, sehingga 80 sentimeter lebih tinggi daripada yang lain varian A320. Pilots who are trained on the other variants may fly the A318 with no further certification, since it features the same type rating as its sister aircraft. Pilot yang terlatih pada varian lain dapat menerbangkan A318 tanpa sertifikasi lebih lanjut, karena jenis fitur yang sama peringkat sebagai pesawat lain.
The A318 has a passenger capacity of 109 in a two-class configuration. The A318 memiliki kapasitas 109 penumpang dalam konfigurasi dua-kelas. It is intended to replace early Boeing 737 and Douglas DC-9 models, though it is also a rival to the 737-600 . Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk mengganti awal Boeing 737 dan Douglas DC-9 model, meskipun juga merupakan saingan ke 737-600. Boeing also offered their 717 aircraft as a competitor, although it was suitable primarily for regional routes and did not have the A318's range capabilities. Boeing juga menawarkan mereka 717 pesawat sebagai pesaing, meskipun cocok terutama untuk rute regional dan tidak memiliki kemampuan jangkauan A318 itu.
The A318 is available with a variety of different maximum take-off weights (MTOW) ranging from a 59 tonne, 2,750 km (1,500 nautical mile) base model to a 68 tonne, 6,000 km (3,240 nautical mile) version. Yang A318 tersedia dengan berbagai macam maksimum berat lepas landas (MTOW) mulai dari 59 ton, 2.750 km (1.500 mil laut) model dasar ke 68 ton, 6.000 km (3.240 mil laut) versi. The lower MTOW enables it to operate regional routes economically whilst sacrificing range and the higher MTOW allows it to complement other members of the A320 family on marginal routes. MTOW yang lebih rendah memungkinkan untuk mengoperasikan rute regional ekonomi mengorbankan sementara jangkauan dan MTOW yang lebih tinggi memungkinkan untuk melengkapi anggota lain dari keluarga A320 pada rute marjinal. The lighter weight of the A318 gives it an operating range 10% greater than the A320, allowing it to serve some routes that the A320 would be unable to: London- New York , Perth-Auckland and Singapore -Tokyo, for instance. Berat yang lebih ringan dari A318 memberikan operasi itu berkisar 10% lebih besar dari A320, memungkinkan untuk melayani beberapa rute bahwa A320 tidak akan mampu untuk: London-New York, Perth, Auckland dan Singapura-Tokyo, misalnya. Its main use for airlines , however, is on short, low-density hops between medium cities. Utamanya digunakan untuk penerbangan, bagaimanapun, adalah pendek, kepadatan rendah hop antara kota-kota menengah.
During the design process, the A318 ran into several problems. Selama proses desain, yang A318 berlari ke dalam beberapa masalah. The first one was the decline in demand for new aircraft following the September 11, 2001 attacks . Yang pertama adalah penurunan permintaan pesawat baru setelah September 11, 2001 serangan. Another one was the new Pratt & Whitney turbofan engines, which burned more fuel than expected: by the time CFMI had a more efficient engine ready for market, many A318 customers had already backed out, including Air China and British Airways . America West Airlines , which had selected the Pratt & Whitney engines, amended its A318 orders, opting instead for A319 or A320 aircraft. Trans World Airlines canceled a significant order for 50 A318 after being acquired by American Airlines , which does not operate any A320 family aircraft (although neither did TWA when the order was originally placed). Satu lagi yang baru adalah Pratt & Whitney turbofan engine, bahan bakar yang terbakar lebih dari yang diharapkan: pada saat CFMI memiliki mesin yang lebih efisien siap untuk pasar, banyak pelanggan A318 sudah mundur keluar, termasuk Air China dan British Airways. America West Airlines, yang telah memilih Pratt & Whitney mesin, diubah dengan A318 perintah, bukannya memilih untuk A319 atau A320. Trans World Airlines membatalkan pesanan yang signifikan selama 50 A318 setelah diakuisisi oleh American Airlines, yang tidak beroperasi setiap keluarga pesawat A320 (meskipun tidak tidak TWA ketika perintah awalnya ditempatkan). While Airbus was hoping to market the A318 as a regional jet alternative, laws in both the US and Europe have kept it in the same class as larger aircraft for calculating landing fees and the like, so regional operators have avoided it. Sementara Airbus berharap untuk memasarkan A318 sebagai pesawat jet regional alternatif, hukum di Amerika Serikat dan Eropa telah menyimpannya di kelas yang sama seperti pesawat yang lebih besar untuk menghitung biaya pendaratan dan semacamnya, jadi operator regional menghindarinya.
It is powered by two CFM56-5 or Pratt & Whitney PW6000 engines with thrusts between 21,600 and 23,800 lb f (96 and 106 kN). Hal ini didukung oleh dua CFM56-5 atau Pratt & Whitney PW6000 mesin dengan tekanan antara 21.600 dan 23.800 £ f (96 dan 106 kN). Launch customers Frontier Airlines and Air France took deliveries in 2003, with Frontier receiving their models in July of that year. Peluncuran pelanggan Frontier Airlines dan Air France mengambil kelahiran pada tahun 2003, dengan Frontier menerima model mereka pada bulan Juli tahun itu. The price of an A318 ranges from $56 to $62 million [ 2 ] , and operating costs are between $2,500 and $3,000 for each flight hour. [ 30 ] Harga sebuah A318 berkisar dari $ 56 sampai $ 62 juta [2], dan biaya operasi antara $ 2.500 dan $ 3,000 untuk setiap penerbangan jam. [30]
While designing the A318, Airbus included a number of technology upgrades, many of which have been integrated into the rest of the A320 family. Sementara merancang A318, Airbus termasuk sejumlah teknologi upgrade, banyak yang telah diintegrasikan ke dalam seluruh keluarga A320. Some are also finding their way to the A380 jumbo aircraft. Beberapa juga menemukan cara mereka ke A380 pesawat jumbo. These upgrades include: Upgrade ini meliputi:
- A new touchscreen LCD panel at the flight attendants' stations in the cabin, to simplify access to environmental and communications controls Sebuah panel LCD layar sentuh baru pada para pramugari 'stasiun di kabin, untuk menyederhanakan akses ke lingkungan dan kontrol komunikasi
- New cabin lighting based on LED light sources, instead of halogen and fluorescent bulbs Kabin baru berdasarkan pencahayaan LED sumber cahaya, bukan halogen dan lampu neon
- Electrically powered backup braking systems, improving upon the older design using reserve hydraulic pressure Bertenaga listrik cadangan sistem rem, peningkatan pada desain yang lebih tua menggunakan tekanan hidrolik cadangan
- The use of laser beam welding during construction, used to fasten floor stringers to the lower fuselage shell. Laser welding eliminates the need for rivets to secure the joint, which saves weight, and is faster, saving on assembly time. Penggunaan sinar laser pengelasan selama konstruksi, digunakan untuk mengikat lantai stringers ke pesawat bawah tempurung. Laser pengelasan menghilangkan perlunya paku keling untuk mengamankan bersama, yang akan menghemat berat, dan lebih cepat, menghemat waktu perakitan.
Orders for the A318 have been quite slow, but significantly better than for its direct competitor the B737-600. Pesanan untuk A318 sudah cukup lambat, tetapi secara signifikan lebih baik daripada pesaing langsung untuk B737-600. Airbus had received 83 orders (25 July 2009) for this model compared to 69 for the B737-600. Airbus telah menerima 83 perintah (25 Juli 2009) untuk model ini dibandingkan dengan 69 untuk B737-600. The sales pace has been influenced by the strong sales of the Bombardier CRJ900 and Embraer E-Jets series. Langkah penjualan telah dipengaruhi oleh penjualan kuat CRJ900 Bombardier dan Embraer E-Jets seri. Notable A318 customers were Air France , 18; Frontier Airlines , 10 (+ 1 order); LAN Chile , 20 orders; and Mexicana , 10 orders. Terkenal pelanggan A318 Air France, 18; Frontier Airlines, 10 (+ 1 order); LAN chili, 20 perintah; dan Mexicana, 10 perintah. In October 2006 an A318 was successfully tested at London City Airport for steep approach compatibility, which will allow operators to serve airports constrained by noise restrictions, tall buildings or difficult terrain. [ 31 ] British Airways operates two A318 aircraft from London City Airport via a refuelling stop at Shannon (on the outbound leg only) to New York Kennedy Airport . Pada Oktober 2006 sebuah A318 telah berhasil diuji di Bandar Udara London City untuk pendekatan curam kompatibilitas, yang akan memungkinkan para operator untuk melayani bandar udara dibatasi oleh pembatasan kebisingan, gedung-gedung tinggi atau sulit medan. [31] British Airways mengoperasikan dua pesawat A318 dari Bandar Udara London City melalui mengisi bahan bakar di Shannon (pada kaki outbound saja) ke Bandara Kennedy New York. They are configured with 32 all business class seats. [ 32 ] Mereka semua dikonfigurasi dengan 32 kursi kelas bisnis. [32]
A318 Elite A318 Elite
On 10 November 2005 Airbus announced the A318 Elite. Pada tanggal 10 November 2005 mengumumkan Airbus A318 Elite. The Airbus A318 Elite is aimed at the medium-range market for flights of up to 4,000 nm (7,400 km) range, with a choice of two cabin layouts seating up to 14 and 18 passengers, and will be powered by CFM engines. Comlux Aviation became the launch customer by ordering three A318 Elite aircraft. Airbus A318 Elite ditujukan untuk pasar jarak menengah untuk penerbangan hingga 4.000 nm (7,400 km) rentang, dengan dua pilihan layout kabin tempat duduk sampai 14 dan 18 penumpang, dan akan didukung oleh CFM mesin. Comlux Penerbangan menjadi pelanggan peluncuran dengan memesan tiga pesawat A318 Elite.
Dermaga
A programme to convert A320 and A321 aircraft into freighters is being set up by Airbus Freighter Conversion GmbH. Sebuah program untuk mengubah pesawat A320 dan A321 ke kargo sedang diatur oleh Airbus Konversi Dermaga GmbH. Airframes will be converted by EADS EFW in Dresden , Germany, and Zhukovsky , Russia. Airframes akan dikonversi oleh EADS EFW di Dresden, Jerman, dan Zhukovsky, Rusia. The launch customer AerCap signed a firm contract on 16 July 2008 to convert 30 of AerCap's passenger A320/A321s into A320/A321P2F (passenger to freighter). Peluncuran pelanggan AerCap perusahaan menandatangani kontrak pada 16 Juli 2008 untuk mengkonversi 30 dari AerCap's penumpang A320/A321s ke A320/A321P2F (penumpang ke kargo). The first aircraft will be ready in 2011 and serial production is scheduled to begin in early 2012. [ 33 ] On February 7, 2009, Airbus announced that the technical definition for the P2F version had been frozen, and reaffirmed entry into service in 2012. Pesawat pertama akan siap pada tahun 2011 dan serial produksi dijadwalkan akan dimulai pada awal 2012. [33] Pada tanggal 7 Februari 2009, Airbus mengumumkan bahwa definisi teknis untuk versi P2F telah dibekukan, dan menegaskan kembali masuk ke dalam pelayanan pada tahun 2012. Also announced were technical details, including 21–28 metric tonnes of payload capacity (depending on variant), a 121-inch (3.1 m) aft cargo door and confirmation that the conversion will have ETOPS , allowing to significantly further range of A320/A321P2F than other freighters of similar size. [ 34 ] Juga mengumumkan adalah rincian teknis, termasuk 21-28 metrik ton kapasitas payload (tergantung varian), sebuah 121-inci (3,1 m) di belakang pintu kargo dan konfirmasi bahwa konversi akan memiliki ETOPS, yang memungkinkan untuk secara signifikan lebih lanjut berbagai A320/A321P2F daripada kargo lain dengan ukuran hampir sama. [34]
A320 Ditingkatkan
| | This section requires expansion . Bagian ini membutuhkan ekspansi. |
A320 Enhanced (or A320E) is the working title for a series of improvements of the A320 series. A320 Enhanced (atau A320E) adalah judul kerja untuk serangkaian perbaikan dari seri A320. The improvements incorporate engine improvements, an aerodynamic tidy-up, partly by adding large curved winglets [ 35 ] , weight savings and a new cabin. [ 36 ] Perbaikan mesin mencakup perbaikan, sebuah aerodinamis rapi-up, sebagian dengan menambahkan melengkung besar winglets [35], berat tabungan dan kabin baru. [36]
Re-A320 bermesin
Airbus proposed a re-engining of the A320 to achieve the same 15% improvement in fuel burn over the existing CFM56 and V2500 powerplants as proposed by the Bombardier CSeries . [ 37 ] Possible engines include the CFM International LEAP-X and the Pratt & Whitney PW1000G . Airbus mengusulkan engining kembali dari A320 sama untuk mencapai 15% peningkatan dalam pembakaran bahan bakar di atas CFM56 yang ada dan V2500 powerplants sebagaimana diusulkan oleh Bombardier CSeries. [37] Kemungkinan mesin termasuk CFM International LOMPATAN-X dan Pratt & Whitney PW1000G. Airbus CEO John Leahy has stated that Airbus is looking for engine options from IAE partner Pratt & Whitney as well as CFM, but single sourcing the LEAP-X if "Pratt and IAE aren't ready." [ 38 ] CEO Airbus John Leahy menyatakan bahwa Airbus sedang mencari opsi mesin dari mitra IAE Pratt & Whitney serta CFM, tapi sumber tunggal LEAP-X jika "Pratt dan IAE belum siap." [38]
winglets Baru
In 2006, Airbus tested three styles of winglet , intended to counteract the wing's induced drag and wingtip vortices more effectively than the previous wingtip fence . Pada tahun 2006, Airbus menguji tiga gaya winglet, dimaksudkan untuk melawan sayap diinduksi menyeret dan pusaran ujung sayap lebih efektif daripada sebelumnya pagar ujung sayap. The first design type to be tested was developed by Airbus and was based on work done by the AWIATOR program. Desain pertama diuji tipe dikembangkan oleh Airbus dan didasarkan pada kerja yang dilakukan oleh program AWIATOR. The second type of winglet used a more blended design and was created by Winglet Technology LLC, a company based in Wichita, Kansas as well as the third type. Tipe kedua digunakan winglet desain yang lebih terpadu dan diciptakan oleh Winglet Teknologi LLC, sebuah perusahaan yang berbasis di Wichita, Kansas serta jenis ketiga.
Two aircraft were used in the flight test evaluation campaign, the prototype A320 F-WWBA which had been retained by Airbus for testing and new F-WWDL which later delivered to JetBlue Airways and registrated as N636JB , which was fitted with both types type of winglets. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Dua pesawat yang digunakan dalam evaluasi test penerbangan kampanye, prototipe A320 F-WWBA yang telah dipertahankan oleh Airbus untuk pengujian dan F-WWDL baru yang kemudian dikirimkan ke JetBlue Airways dan registrated sebagai N636JB, yang dilengkapi dengan kedua jenis jenis winglets . [39] [40]
Despite the anticipated efficiency gains and development work, Airbus announced that the new winglets will not be offered to customers, claiming that the weight of the modifications required would negate any aerodynamic benefits. [ 41 ] Walaupun mengantisipasi peningkatan efisiensi dan pembangunan, Airbus mengumumkan bahwa winglets baru tidak akan ditawarkan kepada pelanggan, mengklaim bahwa berat dari modifikasi yang diperlukan akan meniadakan setiap keuntungan aerodinamis. [41]
On 17 December 2008, Airbus announced it was to begin flight testing a new Blended Winglet design developed by Aviation Partners as part of an A320 modernization program. Pada 17 Desember 2008, Airbus mengumumkan bahwa untuk memulai uji penerbangan Blended Winglet baru desain yang dikembangkan oleh Aviation Partners sebagai bagian dari program modernisasi A320. The aircraft used for the test program is MSN001 (F-WWBA) the original A320 prototype airframe, powered by the CFM56 engine. [ 42 ] Pesawat yang digunakan untuk program pengujian MSN001 (F-WWBA) prototipe A320 asli badan pesawat, didukung oleh mesin CFM56. [42]
On 15 November 2009, Airbus announced that it would be adding the winglets, called 'Sharklets', to A320 aircraft commencing in 2012 with Air New Zealand . 15 November 2009, Airbus mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan menambahkan winglets, yang disebut 'Sharklets', untuk pesawat A320 dimulai pada tahun 2012 dengan Air New Zealand. The winglets reduce fuel burn by 3.5 percent and offer a payload increase of 500 kg or increase the aircraft's range by 100 nm at the original payload. [ 43 ] This corresponds to an annual CO 2 reduction of around 700 tonnes per aircraft. The winglets mengurangi pembakaran bahan bakar sebesar 3,5 persen dan menawarkan peningkatan payload 500 kg atau meningkatkan rentang pesawat dengan 100 nm pada payload asli. [43] Hal ini sesuai dengan tahunan CO 2 pengurangan dari sekitar 700 ton per pesawat.
New Enhanced Cabin
The cabin was delivered to more than 600 aircrafts (March 2009) since 2007. Pondok dikirim ke lebih dari 600 pesawat (Maret 2009) sejak 2007. Airbus claims it is offering better luggage stowage and a quieter cabin packaged with a more modern look and feel. Airbus mengklaim menawarkan penyimpanan barang-barang yang lebih baik dan lebih tenang kabin dikemas lebih modern dengan tampilan dan nuansa. Additionally an improved cabin efficiency by a new galley concept, reduced weight, improved ergonomics and food hygiene and recycling requirements. [ 44 ] LED ambience lighting is optionally available. Selain kabin peningkatan efisiensi dengan konsep dapur yang baru, mengurangi berat badan, perbaikan ergonomi dan kebersihan makanan dan daur ulang persyaratan. [44] LED suasana pencahayaan adalah opsional tersedia. Anytime LEDs are used for the Passenger Service Unit (PSU) [ 45 ] and passengers can get information with touchscreen displays. [ 46 ] Kapan saja LED digunakan untuk Unit Pelayanan Penumpang (PSU) [45] dan penumpang bisa mendapatkan informasi dengan display layar sentuh. [46]
Older A320 series aircraft can be updated. [ 47 ] Pesawat seri A320 yang lebih tua dapat diupdate. [47]
Penggantian Pesawat
Airbus is studying a future replacement for the A320 series, tentatively dubbed NSR , for "New Short-Range aircraft". [ 48 ] Airbus mempelajari masa depan pengganti seri A320, ragu-ragu disebut NSR, untuk "New Short-Range pesawat". [48]
Airbus is possibly considering partnering with Embraer for a replacement aircraft for the A320 series. Airbus mempertimbangkan kemungkinan bermitra dengan Embraer untuk pesawat pengganti untuk seri A320. In July 2007 it was reported that it may be built in "8-9 years" or "2017 or later". [ 49 ] Pada bulan Juli 2007 dilaporkan bahwa mungkin akan dibangun di "8-9 tahun" atau "2017 atau nanti". [49]
The expected follow-on aircraft to replace the A320 is named A30X. Diharapkan lanjutan untuk menggantikan pesawat A320 yang bernama A30X. Airbus North America President Barry Eccleston states that the earliest the aircraft will be available is 2017. [ 50 ] . Airbus Presiden Amerika Utara Eccleston Barry menyatakan bahwa pesawat paling awal akan tersedia adalah 2017. [50]. In January 2010, John Leahy, Airbus's Chief Operating Officer Customers, stated that any all new single aisle craft is unlikely to be constructed before 2024/2025. [ 51 ] Pada Januari 2010, John Leahy, Airbus Chief Operating Officer Pelanggan, menyatakan bahwa setiap semua lorong tunggal baru kerajinan tidak mungkin dibangun sebelum 2024/2025. [51]
Deliveries
By the end of January 2010 a total of 6,539 aircraft of the A320 family have been ordered and 4,148 delivered. [ 17 ] Pada akhir Januari 2010 total 6.539 pesawat dari keluarga A320 telah dipesan dan 4.148 dikirimkan. [17]
The following chart shows the number of aircraft, by type, delivered to customers in a particular year. Tabel berikut menunjukkan jumlah pesawat, berdasarkan jenis, dikirim ke pelanggan di tahun tertentu. The bottom row is the total yearly production of all A320 family aircraft. Baris bawah adalah total produksi tahunan semua pesawat keluarga A320. 2010 data is incomplete. 2010 data yang tidak lengkap.
| Type Tipe | 2010 2010 | 2009 2009 | 2008 2008 | 2007 2007 | 2006 2006 | 2005 2005 | 2004 2004 | 2003 2003 | 2002 2002 | 2001 2001 | 2000 2000 | 1999 1999 | 1998 1998 | 1997 1997 | 1996 1996 | 1995 1995 | 1994 1994 | 1993 1993 | 1992 1992 | 1991 1991 | 1990 1990 | 1989 1989 | 1988 1988 |
| A318 A318 | 0 0 | 6 6 | 13 13 | 17 17 | 8 8 | 9 9 | 10 10 | 8 8 | |||||||||||||||
| A319 A319 | 4 4 | 88 88 | 98 98 | 105 105 | 137 137 | 142 142 | 87 87 | 72 72 | 85 85 | 89 89 | 112 112 | 88 88 | 53 53 | 47 47 | 18 18 | ||||||||
| A320 A320 | 18 18 | 221 221 | 209 209 | 194 194 | 164 164 | 121 121 | 101 101 | 119 119 | 116 116 | 119 119 | 101 101 | 101 101 | 80 80 | 58 58 | 38 38 | 34 34 | 48 48 | 71 71 | 111 111 | 119 119 | 58 58 | 58 58 | 16 16 |
| A321 A321 | 1 1 | 87 87 | 66 66 | 51 51 | 30 30 | 17 17 | 35 35 | 33 33 | 35 35 | 49 49 | 28 28 | 33 33 | 35 35 | 22 22 | 16 16 | 22 22 | 16 16 | ||||||
| Total Total | 23 23 | 402 402 | 387 387 | 367 367 | 339 339 | 289 289 | 233 233 | 232 232 | 236 236 | 257 257 | 241 241 | 222 222 | 168 168 | 127 127 | 72 72 | 56 56 | 64 64 | 71 71 | 111 111 | 119 119 | 58 58 | 58 58 | 16 16 |
Kecelakaan dan insiden
For the entire A320 family there have been 16 Hull-loss Accidents with a total of 637 fatalities as of January 2010. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] This corresponds to 0.15 fatalities per aircraft; compared to the Boeing 737 Classic -300 /-400 / -500 with 0.5 fatalities per aircraft [ 52 ] its a good result, even when the Boeing was introduced 4 years earlier.
Other occurrences for the A320 include 33 non-fatal incidents such as engine failure, APU fire, runway excursion , and minor collision near gate. [ 54 ] There have been 50 incidents of glass cockpit blackout [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] . There have also been seven incidents of nose gear malfunction, including JetBlue Airways Flight 292 .
- 26 June 1988 – Air France Flight 296 , an A320-111, crashed into the tops of trees beyond the runway on a demonstration flight at Habsheim , France. Three passengers were killed.
- 14 February 1990 – Indian Airlines Flight 605 , an A320-231 carrying 146 people, crashed on its final approach to Bangalore Airport . 88 passengers and four crew members were killed. [ 58 ]
- 20 January 1992 – Air Inter Flight 148 , an A320-111, crashed into a high ridge near Mount Sainte-Odile in the Vosges mountains while on final approach to Strasbourg at the end of a scheduled flight from Lyon. This accident resulted in the deaths of 87 of the aircraft's occupants (five crew members, 82 passengers).
- 14 September 1993 – Lufthansa Flight 2904 , an A320-211, coming from Frankfurt am Main with 70 people, crashed into an earth wall at the end of the runway at Warsaw . A fire started in the left wing area and penetrated into the passenger cabin. The copilot and a passenger died.
- 22 March 1998 – Philippine Airlines Flight 137 , an A320-214, crashed and overran the runway of Bacolod City Domestic Airport , RPVB, in Bacolod , Philippines, plowing through homes near it. None of the passengers or crew died, but many were injured and three on the ground were killed.
- 23 August 2000 – Gulf Air Flight 072 , an A320-212, crashed into the Persian Gulf on approach to Bahrain Airport . All 143 passengers and crew on board lost their lives.
- 3 May 2006 – Armavia Flight 967 , an A320-211, crashed into the Black Sea while attempting to conduct a go-around following its first approach to Sochi Airport , Russia. All 113 passengers and crew on board lost their lives. The accident was a Pilot error / Controlled flight into terrain accident. [ 59 ]
- 17 July 2007 – TAM Airlines Flight 3054 , an A320-233, was not able to stop while landing at Congonhas International Airport in São Paulo , Brazil . As of 2009, the accident was caused by pilot error (by positioning the throttle out of the "idle" position) and by bad weather . All 187 passengers and crew died with 12 fatalities on the ground, totalling 199 people.
- 30 May 2008 – TACA Flight 390 , an A320-233 from San Salvador , overran the runway on its final approach to Toncontín International Airport in Tegucigalpa , Honduras , with bad weather conditions. At least five fatalities. [ 60 ]
- 27 November 2008 – XL Airways Germany A320 Flight 888T , a check flight of an A320 which was to be returned to Air New Zealand . All seven people aboard died when it crashed into the sea off the southern French coast. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] [ 63 ]
- 15 January 2009 – US Airways Flight 1549 . An A320 en route from New York City LaGuardia Airport to Charlotte, North Carolina , ditched into the Hudson River several minutes after takeoff. All 150 passengers and five crew survived, with only one serious injury. The accident was due to a collision with a flock of birds which disabled both engines. [ 64 ]
Spesifikasi
| A318-100 | A319-100 / A319LR /A319CJ | A320-200 | A321-200 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cockpit crew | Two | |||
| Seating capacity | 132 (1-class, maximum) 117 (1-class, typical) 107 (2-class, typical) | 156 (1-class, maximum) 134 (1-class, typical) 124 (2-class, typical) | 180 (1-class, maximum) 164 (1-class, typical) 150 (2-class, typical) | 220 (1-class, maximum) 199 (1-class, typical) 185 (2-class, typical) |
| Length Panjang | 31.44 m (103 ft 2 in) | 33.84 m (111 ft 0 in) | 37.57 m (123 ft 3 in) | 44.51 m (146 ft 0 in) |
| Wingspan | 34.10 m (111 ft 11 in) | |||
| Wing area Area sayap | 122.6 m 2 (1,320 sq ft) | |||
| Wing sweepback | 25 degrees | |||
| Tail height | 12.56 metres (41 ft 2 in) | 11.76 m (38 ft 7 in) | ||
| Cabin width | 3.70 m (12 ft 2 in) | |||
| Fuselage width | 3.95 m (13 ft 0 in) | |||
| Cargo capacity | 21.21 m 3 (228.3 sq ft) | 27.62 m 3 (297.3 sq ft) 4× LD3 | 37.41 m 3 (402.7 sq ft) 7× LD3 | 51.73 m 3 (556.8 sq ft) 10× LD3 |
| Empty weight, typical | 39,500 kg (87,000 lb) | 40,800 kg (90,000 lb) | 42,600 kg (94,000 lb) | 48,500 kg (107,000 lb) |
| Maximum take-off weight (MTOW) | 68,000 kg (150,000 lb) | 75,500 kg (166,000 lb) | 78,000 kg (170,000 lb) | 93,500 kg (206,000 lb) |
| Cruising speed | Mach 0.78 (828 km/h/511 mph at 11,000 m/36,000 ft) | |||
| Maximum speed Kecepatan maksimal | Mach 0.82 (871 km/h/537 mph at 11,000 m/36,000 ft) | |||
| Maximum range, fully loaded | 3,100 nautical miles (5,700 km; 3,600 mi) | 3,600 nautical miles (6,700 km; 4,100 mi) LR: 5,600 nmi (10,400 km; 6,400 mi) CJ: 6,500 nmi (12,000 km; 7,500 mi) | 3,200 nautical miles (5,900 km; 3,700 mi) | 3,000 nautical miles (5,600 km; 3,500 mi) |
| Take off run at MTOW (at Sea Level, ISA ) | 1,355 m (4,450 ft) | 1,950 m (6,400 ft) | 2,090 m (6,900 ft) | 2,180 m (7,200 ft) |
| Maximum fuel capacity | 24,210 L (5,330 imp gal; 6,400 US gal) | 24,210 L (5,330 imp gal; 6,400 US gal) standard 30,190 L (6,640 imp gal; 7,980 US gal) optional | 24,050 litres (5,290 imp gal; 6,350 US gal) standard 30,030 L (6,610 imp gal; 7,930 US gal) optional | |
| Service ceiling | 12,000 m (39,000 ft) | |||
| Engines (×2) | Pratt & Whitney PW6000 series CFM International CFM56-5 series | IAE V2500 series CFM International CFM56-5 series | ||
| Thrust (×2) | 96–106 kilonewtons (22,000–24,000 lb f ) | 98–120 kilonewtons (22,000–27,000 lb f ) | 111–120 kilonewtons (25,000–27,000 lb f ) | 133–147 kilonewtons (30,000–33,000 lb f ) |
Source: Airbus
Engines
| Model Model | Date Tanggal | Engines Mesin |
|---|---|---|
| A318-111 | 2003 2003 | CFM56-5B8/P |
| A318-112 | 2003 2003 | CFM56-5B9/P |
| A318-121 | 2007 2007 | PW6122A |
| A318-122 | 2007 2007 | PW6124A |
| A319-111 | 1996 1996 | CFM56-5B5 or 5B5/P |
| A319-112 | 1997 1997 | CFM56-5B6 or 5B6/P or 5B6/2P |
| A319-113 | 1997 1997 | CFM56-5A4 or 5A4/F |
| A319-114 | 1997 1997 | CFM56-5A5 or 5A5/F |
| A319-115 | 2002 2002 | CFM56-5B7 or 5B7/P |
| A319-131 | 1997 1997 | IAE Model V2522-A5 |
| A319-132 | 1997 1997 | IAE Model V2524-A5 |
| A319-133 | 2002 2002 | IAE Model V2527M-A5 |
| A320-111 | 1988 1988 | CFM56-5A1 or 5A1/F |
| A320-211 | 1988 1988 | CFM56-5A4 or 5A4/F |
| A320-212 | 1990 1990 | CFM56-5A3 |
| A320-214 | 1996 1996 | CFM56-5B4 or 5B4/P or 5B4/2P |
| A320-216 | 2005 2005 | CFM56-5B6 |
| A320-231 | 1989 | IAE Model V2500-A1 |
| A320-232 | 1993 1993 | IAE Model V2527-A5 |
| A320-233 | 1995 1995 | IAE Model V2527E-A5 |
| A321-111 | 1995 1995 | CFM56-5B1 or 5B1/P or 5B1/2P |
| A321-112 | 1995 1995 | CFM56-5B2 or 5B2/P |
| A321-131 | 1995 1995 | IAE Model V2350-A5 |
| A321-211 | 1997 1997 | CFM56-5B3 or 5B3/P or 5B3/2P |
| A321-212 | 2005 2005 | CFM56-5B1 or 5B1/P or 5B1/2P |
| A321-213 | 2005 2005 | CFM56-5B2 or 5B2/P |
| A321-231 | 1997 1997 | IAE Model V2533-A5 |
| A321-232 | 2005 2005 | IAE Model V2530-A5 |
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