Fokker 100

The Fokker 100 adalah ukuran medium twin-turbofan pesawat dari Fokker perusahaan. Low operational costs and almost no competition in the 100-seat short-range class made it a best seller when it was introduced in the late 1980s, but improved models of the Bombardier CRJ200 and Embraer ERJ 145 family affected sales and Fokker became insolvent. Biaya operasional yang rendah dan hampir tidak ada persaingan di 100-kursi kelas jarak pendek membuatnya menjadi best seller saat diperkenalkan pada akhir tahun 1980-an, tetapi ditingkatkan model CRJ200 Bombardier dan Embraer ERJ 145 keluarga yang terkena dampak penjualan dan Fokker menjadi bangkrut. Production ended in 1997 with 283 airframes delivered. Produksi berakhir pada 1997 dengan 283 airframes disampaikan. In August 2006, 229 Fokker 100 aircraft remained in airline service with 47 airlines around the world. ^{[ 1 ]} Pada bulan Agustus 2006, 229 pesawat Fokker 100 tetap dalam pelayanan dengan 47 maskapai penerbangan di seluruh dunia. ^[1]

1 Design and development 1 Desain dan pengembangan 2 Operators 2 Operator 2.1 Former operators Mantan 2,1 operator 3 Notable incidents 3 Tokoh insiden 4 Specifications 4 Spesifikasi 5 See also 5 Lihat juga 6 References 6 Referensi 6.1 Notes 6,1 Catatan 6.2 Bibliography 6,2 Bibliografi 7 External links 7 Pranala luar

Desain dan pembangunan

The Fokker 100 design was announced in 1983 as an updated replacement for Fokker's popular, but superseded F28 Fellowship design. Fokker 100 desain yang diumumkan pada tahun 1983 sebagai pengganti diperbarui Fokker populer, tapi digantikan F28 Fellowship desain. Although the majority of the parts between the two aircraft are different, the Fokker 100 was certified by the United States Federal Aviation Administration as the Fokker 28-0100. Meskipun sebagian besar bagian-bagian antara kedua pesawat tersebut adalah berbeda, Fokker 100 itu disertifikasi oleh Amerika Serikat Federal Aviation Administration sebagai 28-0.100 Fokker. The most noticeable difference was the much longer fuselage, which increased seating by 65% from 65 in the original F28 series to 107 in a three-by-two single-class arrangement. Perbedaan yang paling mencolok adalah lebih lama pesawat, yang meningkatkan tempat duduk oleh 65% dari 65 dalam seri F28 asli menjadi 107 dalam tiga-by-dua kelas satu pengaturan. Fokker also introduced a redesigned wing for the 100, which they claimed was 30% more efficient in cruise. Fokker juga memperkenalkan sayap didesain ulang untuk 100, yang mereka mengklaim adalah 30% lebih efisien dalam pelayaran. The engines were upgraded to the modern Rolls-Royce Tay turbofans , while the cockpit was updated with an all-glass instrumentation package. Mesin sudah upgrade ke modern Rolls-Royce Tay turbofan, sementara kokpit telah diupdate dengan instrumentasi kaca semua paket. The Fokker 100 features twin fuselage-mounted engines and a T-tail , similar to that of the Douglas DC-9 family. Fokker 100 fitur yang kembar mesin pesawat-mount dan sebuah T-ekor, mirip dengan yang ada pada Douglas DC-9 keluarga. The Fokker 100 does not have eyebrow windows above the main cockpit windows as on the Fokker F28. Fokker 100 yang tidak memiliki alis jendela di atas jendela utama seperti di kokpit pesawat Fokker F28.

Two prototypes were built - the first, PH-MKH, flew for the first time on November 30, 1986, and the second, PH-MKC, followed on February 25, 1987. Dua prototip dibangun - pertama, PH-MKH, terbang untuk pertama kalinya pada 30 November 1986, dan yang kedua, PH-MKC, diikuti pada tanggal 25 Februari 1987. The type certificate was awarded in November 1987. Jenis dianugerahi sertifikat pada November 1987. The first deliveries of the TAY620-15 powered versions started to Swissair in February 1988. American Airlines (75 planes ordered), TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais (now TAM Airlines ( TAM Linhas Aéreas )) (50 planes) and US Air (40 planes) were major customers of the Fokker 100 and were powered by the more powerful TAY650-15. Pengiriman pertama dari TAY620-15 powered versi mulai Swissair pada bulan Februari 1988. American Airlines (75 pesawat dipesan), TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais (sekarang TAM Airlines (TAM Linhas Aéreas)) (50 pesawat) dan US Air (40 pesawat) adalah pelanggan utama pesawat Fokker 100 dan itu didukung oleh lebih kuat TAY650-15.

British Midland Airways Fokker 100 British Midland Airways Fokker 100

KLM Cityhopper Fokker 100. KLM Cityhopper Fokker 100.

Montenegro Airlines Fokker 100 at Domodedovo Airport Montenegro Airlines Fokker 100 di Bandara Domodedovo

Skywest Airlines Fokker 100 side view, during maintenance at Perth Airport SkyWest Airlines Fokker 100 sisi tampilan, selama perawatan di Bandar Udara Perth

Montenegro Airlines Fokker 100 Montenegro Airlines Fokker 100

By 1991, Fokker had produced 70 units and had orders for more than 230. Pada 1991, Fokker telah menghasilkan 70 unit dan mendapat perintah untuk lebih dari 230. An extended range version with additional fuel tanks in the wings was introduced in 1993, and a quick-change passenger/freighter version in 1994, the 100QC. Berbagai versi yang diperpanjang dengan tambahan tangki bahan bakar di sayap diperkenalkan pada tahun 1993, dan perubahan yang cepat penumpang / kargo versi pada tahun 1994, 100QC. A shorter version was introduced in 1993 as a replacement for the earlier F28 , known as the Fokker 70 , which removed 4.70 m (15.42 ft) of the fuselage and reduced seating to 80. Sebuah versi lebih pendek diperkenalkan pada tahun 1993 sebagai pengganti sebelumnya F28, dikenal sebagai Fokker 70, yang dihapus 4,70 m (15.42 ft) dari pesawat dan mengurangi tempat duduk menjadi 80. Studies on the 130 seat Fokker 130 and the Fokker 100QC (freighter) did not reach further stages of development. Studi di kursi 130 Fokker 130 dan pesawat Fokker 100QC (kargo) tidak mencapai tahap-tahap perkembangan lebih lanjut. A Fokker 100EJ (Executive Jet) was introduced in 2003 as a conversion from used Fokker 100 aircraft. Sebuah Fokker 100EJ (Executive Jet) diperkenalkan pada tahun 2003 sebagai konversi dari pesawat Fokker 100 yang digunakan.

Although the design was a success in the marketplace, Fokker continued to lose money due to mismanagement. Meskipun rancangan itu sukses di pasar, Fokker terus kehilangan uang karena salah urus. Eventually their parent company, Daimler Benz Aerospace , shut them down. Akhirnya perusahaan induk mereka, Daimler Benz Aerospace, menutup mereka. Fokker collapsed in 1996 and wound up production in early 1997. Fokker runtuh pada tahun 1996 dan akhirnya produksi di awal 1997. There had been some discussion about the company being purchased by Bombardier , but the plans fell through. Ada beberapa diskusi tentang perusahaan yang dibeli oleh Bombardier, tapi rencana gagal.

An Amsterdam -based group, Rekkof Restart (Rekkof is Fokker spelled backwards) negotiated to re-open the Fokker 70 and 100 lines in 1999, but the deal never completed. Stork BV acquired the maintenance business for the aircraft and operated it under the name "Fokker Aviation". ^{[ 2 ]} Sebuah Amsterdam berbasis kelompok, Rekkof Restart (Rekkof adalah Fokker yang dieja terbalik) dinegosiasikan untuk membuka kembali Fokker 70 dan 100 garis pada tahun 1999, tetapi kesepakatan tidak pernah selesai. Stork BV memperoleh bisnis pemeliharaan pesawat dan dioperasikan di bawah nama "Fokker Aviation". ^[2]

Like any number of designs, the 70/100 was being increasingly squeezed from below by stretched versions of the Bombardier and Embraer regional jets , which also killed off plans for the Fairchild 728JET/928JET and an unnamed design from ATR . Seperti sejumlah desain, 70/100 sedang semakin diperas dari bawah dengan versi membentang Bombardier dan Embraer jet regional, yang juga rencana untuk membunuh Fairchild 728JET/928JET dan desain yang tidak disebutkan namanya dari ATR. A proposed stretch version called the Fokker 130 was never built. ^{[ 2 ]} Suatu usulan versi peregangan disebut Fokker 130 itu tidak pernah dibangun. ^[2]

Operator

As of August 2009, 229 aircraft are still in operational use with airlines. ^{[ 3 ]} Pada Agustus 2009, 229 pesawat masih dalam operasional digunakan dengan penerbangan. ^[3]

• Aero Mongolia Aero mongolia
• Air Affaires Gabon Affaires Air Gabon
• Air Bagan Air Bagan
• Air Express Air Express
• Air Niugini Air Niugini
• Alliance Airlines Alliance Airlines
• Avianca Avianca
• Austrian Arrows Austrian Arrows
• Blue Line Blue Line
• Brit Air Brit Air
• Carpatair Carpatair
• Contact Air Hubungi Air
• Denim Air Denim Air
• Dutch Antilles Express Antillen Belanda Express
• Eastindo Eastindo
• Germania Flug Germania Flug
• Helvetic Airways Helvetic Airways
• Iran Air Iran Air
• Iran Aseman Airlines Iran Aseman Airlines
• Iran Air Transport Iran Air Transport
• IRS Airlines IRS Airlines
• Kish Air Kish Air
• KLM Cityhopper KLM Cityhopper
• Merpati Nusantara Airlines Merpati Nusantara Airlines
• MexicanaClick MexicanaClick
• Moldavian Airlines Moldavian Airlines
• Montenegro Airlines Montenegro Airlines
• Myanma Airways Myanma Airways
• Network Aviation Australia Jaringan Aviation Australia
• OceanAir OceanAir
• OLT OLT
• Pelita Air Service Pelita Air Service
• Portugália Portugália
• Régional Régional
• SAM SAM
• Skywest Airlines (Australia) SkyWest Airlines (Australia)
• Trade Air Perdagangan Air
• Transwisata Prima Aviation Transwisata Prima Aviation

Mantan operator

Air Berlin Air Berlin Air Gabon Air Gabon Air Greece Udara Yunani Air Europe Air Europe American Airlines American Airlines Aviacsa Aviacsa CCM Airlines CCM Airlines EUjet EUjet Flight West Airlines Penerbangan West Airlines Germania Germania Girjet Girjet Jetsgo Jetsgo Korean Air Korean Air MALEV Malév Mandarin Airlines Mandarin Airlines Mexicana Mexicana Midway Airlines Midway Airlines Palair Macedonian Airlines Palair Macedonian Airlines Swissair Swissair TAM Airlines TAM Airlines TAM Airlines (Paraguay) TAM Airlines (Paraguay) TAT European Airlines TAT European Airlines US Airways US Airways

Tokoh insiden

• On March 5, 1993 Palair Macedonian Flight 301 , a Fokker 100 (PH-KXL) crashed shortly after take-off from Skopje Airport on its way to Zurich Airport , killing 83 of 97 passengers and crew on board. ^{[ 4 ]} Pada tanggal 5 Maret 1993 Palair Macedonian Penerbangan 301, sebuah Fokker 100 (PH-KXL) jatuh setelah lepas landas dari Bandara Skopje dalam perjalanannya ke Bandara Zurich, menewaskan 83 dari 97 penumpang dan awak kapal. ^[4]
• On October 31, 1996, TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402 crashed next to Congonhas Airport in Brazil , killing 99 people, including everyone on board plus 4 people on the ground. Pada 31 Oktober 1996, TAM Regionais Transportes Aéreos Penerbangan 402 jatuh di sebelah Bandara Congonhas di Brasil, menewaskan 99 orang, termasuk semua orang di kapal ditambah 4 orang di tanah.
• On November 7, 1999 Air Dolomiti Flight 2708, a Fokker 100 flying from Venice Marco Polo Airport with 44 on board, suffered maingear failure while approaching Barcelona International Airport and landed safely on a foam carpet. ^{[ 5 ]} On November 7, 1999 Dolomiti Air Penerbangan 2708, sebuah Fokker 100 terbang dari Bandara Venice Marco Polo dengan 44 on board, mengalami kegagalan sementara maingear mendekati Bandara Internasional Barcelona dan mendarat dengan selamat di atas karpet busa. ^[5]
• On January 25, 2007, Air France Flight 7775 from Pau to Paris crashed shortly after take-off. Pada 25 Januari 2007, Air France Penerbangan 7775 dari Pau ke Paris jatuh setelah lepas landas. All 54 passengers and crew escaped from the aircraft, although one person was killed on the ground. ^{[ 6 ]} An investigation by the BEA revealed that the cause of the accident was ice on the wings of the aircraft involved. ^{[ 7 ]} Semua 54 penumpang dan awak kapal melarikan diri dari pesawat terbang, meskipun satu orang tewas di tanah. ^[6] Sebuah investigasi oleh BEA mengungkapkan bahwa penyebab kecelakaan itu es di sayap pesawat yang terlibat. ^[7]
• On February 2, 2008, an Austrian Airlines Fokker 100 made an emergency landing at Leeds Bradford International Airport in the UK, after the right engine was reported idle. Tanggal 2 Februari 2008, seorang Austrian Airlines Fokker 100 melakukan pendaratan darurat di Bandar Udara Internasional Leeds Bradford di Inggris, setelah mesin kanan dilaporkan menganggur. The pilots landed safely, and there were no injuries amongst the 103 passengers and crew on board. ^{[ 8 ]} Pilot mendarat dengan selamat, dan tidak ada luka di antara 103 penumpang dan awak kapal. ^[8]
• On August 12, 2009, the wheel on an Aseman Airlines Fokker 100 exploded and caught fire as the aircraft made a hard landing in the city of Isfahan ^{[ 9 ]} Pada 12 Agustus 2009 roda pada Aseman Airlines Fokker 100 meledak dan terbakar ketika pesawat melakukan pendaratan keras di kota Isfahan ^[9]
• On September 14, 2009, Contact Air Flight 288 from Berlin Tegel was forced to make an emergency landing at Stuttgart Airport , Germany. Pada 14 September 2009, Hubungi Air Penerbangan 288 dari Berlin Tegel terpaksa melakukan pendaratan darurat di Bandar Udara Stuttgart, Jerman. None of the passengers, including well-known German politician Franz Müntefering , were seriously injured. Tak satu pun dari para penumpang, termasuk yang terkenal politisi Jerman Franz Müntefering, luka berat.

• On 18 November 2009, Iran Air Fokker 100 EP-CFO suffered an undercarriage malfunction on take-off from Isfahan International Airport . Pada tanggal 18 November 2009, Iran Air Fokker 100 EP-CFO bawah mobil mengalami kerusakan di lepas landas dari Bandara Internasional Isfahan. The aircraft was on a flight to Mehrabad Airport , Tehran when the undercarriage failed to retract. Pesawat sedang dalam penerbangan ke Bandar Udara Mehrabad, Teheran ketika bagian bawah gagal untuk menarik kembali. The aircraft landed at Isfahan but was substantially damaged when the left main gear collapsed. ^{[ 10 ]} Pesawat mendarat di Isfahan tetapi secara substansial rusak saat peralatan utama kiri runtuh. ^[10]

• On 3 December 2009, Merpati Nusantara Airlines Fokker 100 PK-MJD made an emergency landing at El Tari Airport , Kupang when the left main gear failed to extend. Pada 3 Desember 2009, Merpati Nusantara Airlines Fokker 100 PK-MJD melakukan pendaratan darurat di Bandar Udara El Tari, Kupang ketika gigi utama kiri gagal untuk memperpanjang. There were no injuries among the passengers and crew. ^{[ 11 ]} Tidak ada luka di antara para penumpang dan awak. ^[11]

• On 15 January 2010, Iran Air Fokker 100 EP-IDA, operating Flight 223 was substantially damaged when the nose gear collapsed after landing at Isfahan International Airport . ^{[ 12 ]} Pada tanggal 15 Januari 2010, Iran Air Fokker 100 EP-IDA, operasi secara substansial Penerbangan 223 rusak ketika gigi hidung runtuh setelah mendarat di Bandara Internasional Isfahan. ^[12]

• On 11 February 2010, Click Mexicana Fokker 100 XA-SHJ, operating flight CBE7222 was forced to land on its belly due to a presumably a mechanical failure on the landing gear; it was routed to make an emergency landing at Aeropuerto Internacional de Monterrey where the aircraft overrun the runway. Di 11 Februari 2010, Klik Mexicana Fokker 100 XA-shj, mengoperasikan penerbangan CBE7222 terpaksa mendarat di perut karena kemungkinan kegagalan mekanis pada landing gear, melainkan dialihkan untuk melakukan pendaratan darurat di Aeropuerto Internacional de Monterrey dimana menyerbu landasan pacu pesawat. None of the passengers were seriously injured. ^{[ 13 ]} Tak satu pun dari penumpang luka berat. ^[13]

Spesifikasi

	Fokker 100 Fokker 100 Tay 620 Tay 620	Fokker 100 Fokker 100 Tay 650 Tay 650
Cockpit crew Kokpit kru	Two Dua
Seating capacity Kapasitas tempat duduk	107 (1-class) 107 (1-kelas) 97 (2-class) 97 (2-class)
Length Panjang	35.53 metres (116 ft 7 in) 35,53 meter (116 ft 7 in)
Wingspan Wingspan	28.08 metres (92 ft 2 in) 28,08 meter (92 ft 2 in)
Wing area Area sayap	93.5 square metres (1,006 sq ft) 93,5 meter persegi (1.006 sq ft)
Height Ketinggian	8.50 metres (27 ft 11 in) 8,50 meter (27 ft 11 in)
Typical empty weight Khas berat kosong	24,375 kilograms (53,740 lb) 24.375 kg (53.740 lb)	24,541 kilograms (54,100 lb) 24.541 kg (54.100 lb)
Maximum take-off weight Maksimum take-off berat	43,090 kilograms (95,000 lb) 43.090 kg (95.000 lb)	45,810 kilograms (101,000 lb) 45.810 kg (101.000 lb)
Range fully loaded Range fully loaded	1,323 nautical miles (2,450 km; 1,522 mi) 1.323 mil laut (2.450 km; 1.522 mi)	1,710 nautical miles (3,170 km; 1,970 mi) 1.710 mil laut (3.170 km; 1.970 mi)
Max. Max. cruising speed Kecepatan	845 km/h (525 mph, 456 kn ) 845 km / h (525 mph, 456 kn)
Powerplants (2x) Powerplants (2x)	Rolls-Royce Tay Mk 62015 Rolls-Royce Tay Mk 62.015	Rolls-Royce Tay Mk 65015 Rolls-Royce Tay Mk 65.015
Engine thrust Dorong mesin	13,850 lbf (61.6 k N ) 13.850 lbf (61,6 k N)	15,100 lbf (67.2 kN) 15.100 lbf (67,2 kN)

• Notes: Data are provided for reference only. Catatan: Data yang disediakan untuk referensi saja. Tay 620=Rolls-Royce Tay Mk 62015 and Tay 650=Rolls-Royce Tay Mk 65015 Tay 620 = Rolls-Royce Tay Tay Mk 62.015 dan 650 = Rolls-Royce Tay Mk 65.015
• Sources: airliners.net ^{[ 14 ]} Sumber: airliners.net